6. Jelaskan proses pengambilan keputusan dalam bisnis !
Jawabannya adalah :
1. Mengenali Masalah: Pihak manajemen menyadari adanya beberapa masalah yang
sedang atau mungkin akan terjadi oleh karena itu suatu tindakan tertentu harus
diambil sesegera mungkin.
2. Mencari Informasi: Pengumpulan berbagai informasi yang berhubungan dengan
masalah yang ada yang kemudian dikemas dalam suatu format untuk mendukung
proses analisa masalah
3. Analisa Masalah: Situasi permasalahan dipelajari secara cermat dengan
menggunakan berbagai informasi yang telah ada. Berdasarkan informasi yang
telah tersedia, pihak manajemen akan menemukan bidang-bidang yang perlu
segera ditangani yang merupakan faktor utama yang memicu timbulnya masalah.
4. Evaluasi Alternatif: Beberapa tindakan yang memungkinkan dievaluasi dalam
kerangka tahapan proses. Berbagai alternatif diformulasikan dan dievaluasi sesuai
dengan kriteria yang telah disusun oleh pengambil keputusan.
5. Keputusan: Tahapan terakhir proses adalah memiliki alternatif yang cocok untuk
penanganan masalah yang sudah diidentifikasi. Keputusan akhir adalah alternatif
yang dianggap paling tepat oleh pembuat keputusan untuk digunakan sebagai alat
dalam mengatasi masalah yang ada.

1. sistam pendukung manajemen adalah sebuah kelengkapan pengelolaan dari
proses-proses yang menyediakan informasi untuk manajer guna mendukung
operasi-operasi dan pembuatan keputusan dalam sebuah organisasi

2. Bonus

3. tapai harus dijelaskan fungsi masing-masing ya…- Sistem Pendukung Keputusan
(SPK)
- Systems Pendukung kelompok(GSS)
- Siostem Informasi perusahaan
- Perencanaan sumberaya perusahaan dan rantai supply manajemen
- Sistem manajemen Pengetahuan
- Systems Pakar (ES)
- Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan
- Systems pendukung Hibrid
- SPK Cerdas

4. sistem pendukung keputusan sangat diperlukan sebagai stimulan pegambilan
keputusan di tingkat perusahaan karena saat perusahaan harus mengambil keputusan
pada situasi di mana beberapa tujuan yang sering kali saling bertentangan serentak

harus dipenuhi secara optimal, sambil mempertimbangkan terbatasnya sumber daya
yang ada. Karenanya diperlukan suatu sistem untuk mendukung pengambilan
keputusan tersebut. Telah dibangun suatu sistem perangkat lunak komputer
berdasarkan metode numeris untuk optimisasi multikriteria, keefektifan sistem
tersebut sebagai alat bantu dalam menyelesaikan masalah optimisasi multikriteria
diperlihatkan oleh suatu studi kasus.
kaitannyadengan adanya suatu SIP dalam suatu manajemen atau bagi seorang
pengambil keputusan di level-level manajemen akan membantu para Si PK dalam
mencari sebuah solusi untuk menghasilkan keputusan. hal ini karena SIP akan
menjadi sumber data bagi mereka yang terkoneksi dengan data base lainnya yang
memudahkan mereka untuk menganalisa dan memproses PK.

5. 1. Kemampuan model Maturity(CMM) digunakan untuk :
– menilai kecanggihan atau kematangan proses perangkat lunak suatu organisasi
– untuk mengidentifikasi praktik kunci yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan
kematangan proses ini. (yang CMM memiliki penerapan umum juga)
2. Kemampuan software Model Kedewasaan :
Tahapan dalam model :
– Awal. Ad hoc proses dan keberhasilan tergantung pada usaha individu
– Diulang. Dasar proses manajemen proyek di tempat untuk melacak biaya, jadwal
dan fungsionalitas. Kepatuhan terhadap proses proyek tidak konsisten meskipun
proyek-proyek dilaksanakan
– Ditetapkan. Proses perangkat lunak standar dan didokumentasikan.
– Dikelola. Langkah-langkah rinci proses perangkat lunak dan kualitas produk
dikumpulkan. Statistik pada proses kualitas perangkat lunak berkumpul
– Optimalkan. Perbaikan proses terus-menerus menggunakan umpan kualitatif dan
ide-ide inovatif
Dengan adanya SW akan membantu para PK dalam mencari keputusan dengan waktu yg
efisien, menghemat tenaga, menghemat tempat karena semua tersedia dalam software
yang memiliki data base yg canggih, menghemat biaya, keputusan diperoleh lebih cepat
dan diperkuat dgn perhitungan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif

1. permukaan CD ada hologram.
- kalo di aslinya Bukan Stiker dan juga bukan seperti dicetak langsung ke Cd, jd seakan-akan adalah bagian dari
CD itu sendiri.
- kalo bajakan tidak sperti diatas
tapi kalo yg membajak juga canggih, mungkin agak susah bedainnya.

2. Yang paling gampang konek ke internet trus download Updatenya dari situs microsoft, kalo gak bisa berarti
bajakan, tapi kalo bisa terus berarti Ori..dan biasanya yg bajakan bisa sih download security update
awalnya,..tapi abis restart PC langsung deh nongol Windows

3. CD ori lebih halus texture nya dan pastinya harganya sekitar 232 $(liat di amazon)
CD bajakan dijual di tempat yang ecek2 dan harganya sekitar 50 rebu (jauh bener)
Tapi kalo ada orang nawarin jual sekitar 300 rebu terus ngakunya ori berarti………………………..siap2
tempeleng orang itu karena dia penipu
4.

llangkah – langkah pembuatan report di crystal report :
1. masuk ke crystal report ,kemudian pilih using the report expert, pilih standard.
2. klik database pilih database files ->find database files -> klik add.
3. selanjutnya pilih database yang ingin digunakan, pilih tabel yang ingin dibuat laporanya. klik add kemudian close.
4. pada form standard report expert pilih next, pilih add all jika semua field pada database ingin dimasukkan kelaporan,jika hanya field tertentu pilih add.
5. jika field telah tampil kemudian pilih menu report – > edit selection formula -> record.
6. berikutnya akan munucl daftar field yang kita pilih saat konfigurasi database di awal, klik 2 kali pada field, lihat gbr berikut :

7.misalkan yang dipilih ialah nik, selanjutnya setelah teks {bio_guru.nik} tambahkan = kemudian diikuti data yang akan menjadi acuan misal : {bio_guru.nik} = “123”
8. save query tersebut, selanjutnya pilih refresh data. maka data yang akan ytampil dilaporan hanya data tertentu yang kita inginkan. sampai disini setting dicrystal report telah selesai, selanjutnya kita melakukan pemanggilan melalui vb.
langkah – langkah pemanggilan crystal report :
1. tambahkan komponen adodc, command dan crystal report control serta caption pada form aplikasi. pada properties caption pilih data source adodc. sebelumnya setting terlebih dahulu database pada adodc agar bisa membaca tabel dan record yang sama pada formula di crystal report tadi yaitu nik.
2. caption akan menjadi indikator data yang akan ditampilakn dilaporan.ubah nama crystal report menjadi cetak_data.
3. selanjutnya pada command isikan coding berikut :

With cetak_data
.ReportFileName = App.Path & “\data_siswa_detail.rpt”
.Connect = Provider = “Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source=dbsiswa.mdb;Persist Security Info=False”
.ReplaceSelectionFormula “{bio_siswa.nis}=’” & Label19.Caption & “‘”
.Action = 1
End With
sesuaikan dengan beberapa teks yang dicetak tebal ( nama database dan letak file laporan serta nama record) yang dengan aplikasi yang anda rancang. setelah laporan dapat dipanggil dari vb, maka selanjutnya pada report harus ada yang diubah, yaitu pada bagian formula report.
buka kembali dokument report yang telah dibuat pada crystal report. kkemudian pilih report -> edit selection formula – > record. hilangkan formula yang dibuat pada langkah pertama tadi, kemudian save, hal ini bertujuan agar data yang ditampilkan hanya diatur oleh control record (caption) pada aplikasi vb.
wassalam.

jika tabel dan data telah didefenisikan, kemudian selanjutnya konfigurasi program pada vb,
selanjutnay asumsikan rancangan formnya seperti berikut :

selain komponen command dan text masukkan komponen adodc dan datagrid, selanjutnya setting string untuk mengkoneksikan dengan database dengan cara :
• klik kanan adodc,pilih properties.
• use connection string.
• masukkan teks berikut :
DRIVER={MySQL ODBC 3.51 Driver};SERVER=localhost;DATABASE=mahasiswa;UID=root
;PWD=mamat;PORT=3306;OPTION=3

• masukkan teks diatas secara utuh tidak terpisah, teks yang berwarna merah disesuaikan dengan settingan saat penginstalan pada sql server yaitu user id dan password. sedangkan teks berwarna biru merupakan nama databse tempat tabel dibuat.
• pilih tab record source,pilih ad Cmd tabel,kemudian pilih tabel yang ingin ditampilkan datanya.
• pilih oK/apply.
• selanjutnya pada data grid datasource pilih adodc. klik kana datagrid kemudian reitreve fields. jika tidak ada kesalahan maka akan muncul fields tabel biodata yang datanya akan ditampilkan pada data datagrid.
catatan penting : sebelum mengkoneksikan database sql server dengan vb 6.0, kita harus menginstall terlebih dahulu : DRIVER MYSQL Connector_ODBC__mysql-connector-odbc-3.51.12-win32.zip, silahkan download.
cara yang saya jelaskan diatas ialah salah satu cara mengkoneksikan database sql server dengan vb melalui koneksi string pada adodc. keuntungan nya ialah cara melakukannya cukup simpel dan mudah, namun cara ini jarang digunakan oleh programer karena faktor fleksibilitas pada saat run time program.

Through these object interactions, a program can carry out various tasks, such as implementing a GUI, running an animation, or sending and receiving information over a network. Once an object has completed the work for which it was created, its resources are recycled for use by other objects.

Here’s a small program, called CreateObjectDemo,[1] that creates three objects: one Point object and two Rectangle objects. The Point and Rectangle classes are listed in the Initializing an Object section (page 101).

[1] tutorial/java/javaOO/examples/CreateObjectDemo.java

public class CreateObjectDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Declare and create a point object
// and two rectangle objects.
Point originOne = new Point(23, 94);
Rectangle rectOne = new Rectangle(originOne, 100, 200);
Rectangle rectTwo = new Rectangle(50, 100);

// display rectOne’s width, height, and area
System.out.println(“Width of rectOne: ” + rectOne.width);
System.out.println(“Height of rectOne: ” + rectOne.height);
System.out.println(“Area of rectOne: ” +
rectOne.getArea());

// set rectTwo’s position
rectTwo.origin = originOne;

// display rectTwo’s position
System.out.println(“X Position of rectTwo: ” +
rectTwo.origin.x);
System.out.println(“Y Position of rectTwo: ” +
rectTwo.origin.y);

// move rectTwo and display its new position
rectTwo.move(40, 72);
System.out.println(“X Position of rectTwo: ” +
rectTwo.origin.x);
System.out.println(“Y Position of rectTwo: ” +
rectTwo.origin.y);
}
}

This program creates, manipulates, and displays information about various objects. Here’s the output:

Width of rectOne: 100
Height of rectOne: 200
Area of rectOne: 20000
X Position of rectTwo: 23
Y Position of rectTwo: 94
X Position of rectTwo: 40
Y Position of rectTwo: 72

The following three sections use the above example to describe the life cycle of an object within a program. From them, you will learn how to write code that creates and uses objects in your own programs. You will also learn how the system cleans up after an object when its life has ended.

Creating Objects
As you know, a class provides the blueprint for objects; you create an object from a class. Each of the following statements taken from the CreateObjectDemo program creates an object and assigns it to a variable:

Point originOne = new Point(23, 94);
Rectangle rectOne = new Rectangle(originOne, 100, 200);
Rectangle rectTwo = new Rectangle(50, 100);

The first line creates an object of the Point class, and the second and third lines each create an object of the Rectangle class.

Each of these statements has three parts (discussed in detail below):

Declaration. The code set in bold are all variable declarations that associate a variable name with an object type.

Instantiation. The new keyword is a Java operator that creates the object.

Initialization. The new operator is followed by invoking a constructor, which initializes the new object.

Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Object
Previously, you learned that to declare a variable, you write:

type name;

This notifies the compiler that you will use name to refer to data whose type is type. With a primitive variable, this declaration also reserves the proper amount of memory for the variable.

You can also declare a reference variable on its own line. For example:

Point originOne;

If you declare originOne like this, its value will be undetermined until an object is actually created and assigned to it. Simply declaring a reference variable does not create an object. For that, you need to use the new operator, as described in the next section. You must assign an object to originOne before you use it in your code. Otherwise, you will get a compiler error.

A variable in this state, which currently references no object, can be illustrated by Figure 4.1 (the variable name, originOne, plus a reference pointing to nothing).

Figure 4.1. originOne is null.

Instantiating a Class
The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for a new object and returning a reference to that memory. The new operator also invokes the object constructor.

Note

The phrase “instantiating a class” means the same thing as “creating an object.” When you create an object, you are creating an “instance” of a class, therefore “instantiating” a class.

The new operator requires a single, postfix argument: invoking a constructor. The name of the constructor provides the name of the class to instantiate.

The new operator returns a reference to the object it created. This reference is usually assigned to a variable of the appropriate type, like:

Point originOne = new Point(23, 94);

The reference returned by the new operator does not have to be assigned to a variable. It can also be used directly in an expression. For example:

int height = new Rectangle().height;

This statement will be discussed in the next section.

Initializing an Object
Here’s the code for the Point class:[2]

[2] tutorial/java/javaOO/examples/Point.java

public class Point {
public int x = 0;
public int y = 0;
// constructor
public Point(int a, int b) {
x = a;
y = b;
}
}

This class contains a single constructor. You can recognize a constructor because its declaration uses the same name as the class and it has no return type. The constructor in the Point class takes two integer arguments, as declared by the code (int a, int b). The following statement provides 23 and 94 as values for those arguments:

Point originOne = new Point(23, 94);

The result of executing this statement can be illustrated by Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2. originOne now points to a Point object.

Here’s the code for the Rectangle class,[3] which contains four constructors:

[3] tutorial/java/javaOO/examples/Rectangle.java

public class Rectangle {
public int width = 0;
public int height = 0;
public Point origin;

// four constructors
public Rectangle() {
origin = new Point(0, 0);
}
public Rectangle(Point p) {
origin = p;
}
public Rectangle(int w, int h) {
origin = new Point(0, 0);
width = w;
height = h;
}
public Rectangle(Point p, int w, int h) {
origin = p;
width = w;
height = h;
}

// a method for moving the rectangle
public void move(int x, int y) {
origin.x = x;
origin.y = y;
}

// a method for computing the area of the rectangle
public int getArea() {
return width * height;
}
}

Each constructor lets you provide initial values for the rectangle’s size and width, using both primitive and reference types. If a class has multiple constructors, they must have different signatures. The Java compiler differentiates the constructors based on the number and the type of the arguments. When the Java compiler encounters the following code, it knows to invoke the constructor in the Rectangle class that requires a Point argument followed by two integer arguments:

Rectangle rectOne = new Rectangle(originOne, 100, 200);

This invokes one of Rectangle’s constructors that initializes origin to originOne. Also, the constructor sets width to 100 and height to 200. Now there are two references to the same Point object; an object can have multiple references to it, as shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3. originOne now points to a Point object.

The following line of code invokes the Rectangle constructor that requires two integer arguments, which provide the initial values for width and height. If you inspect the code within the constructor, you will see that it creates a new Point object whose x and y values are initialized to 0:

Rectangle rectTwo = new Rectangle(50, 100);

The Rectangle constructor used in the following statement doesn’t take any arguments, so it’s called a no-argument constructor:

Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();

All classes have at least one constructor. If a class does not explicitly declare any, the Java compiler automatically provides a no-argument constructor, called the default constructor. This default constructor invokes the class parent’s no-argument constructor, or the Object constructor if the class has no other parent. If the parent has no constructor (Object does have one), the compiler will reject the program.

Using Objects
Once you’ve created an object, you probably want to use it for something. You may need to use the value of one of its fields, change one of its fields, or invoke one of its methods to perform an action.

Referencing an Object’s Fields
Object fields are accessed by their name. You must use a name that is unambiguous.

You may use a simple name for a field within its own class. For example, we can add a statement within the Rectangle class that prints the width and height:

System.out.println(“Width and height are: ” +
width + “, ” + height);

In this case, width and height are simple names.

Code that is outside the object’s class must use an object reference or expression, followed by the dot (.) operator, followed by a simple field name, as in:

objectReference.fieldName

For example, the code in the CreateObjectDemo class is outside the code for the Rectangle class. So to refer to the origin, width, and height fields within the Rectangle object named rectOne, the CreateObjectDemo class must use the names rectOne.origin, rectOne.width, and rectOne.height, respectively. The program uses two of these names to display the width and the height of rectOne:

System.out.println(“Width of rectOne: ” + rectOne.width);
System.out.println(“Height of rectOne: ” + rectOne.height);

Attempting to use the simple names width and height from the code in the CreateObjectDemo class doesn’t make sensethose fields exist only within an objectand results in a compiler error.

Later, the program uses similar code to display information about rectTwo. Objects of the same type have their own copy of the same instance fields. Thus, each Rectangle object has fields named origin, width, and height. When you access an instance field through an object reference, you reference that particular object’s field. The two objects rectOne and rectTwo in the CreateObjectDemo program have different origin, width, and height fields.

To access a field, you can use a named reference to an object, as in the previous examples, or you can use any expression that returns an object reference. Recall that the new operator returns a reference to an object. So you could use the value returned from new to access a new object’s fields:

int height = new Rectangle().height;

This statement creates a new Rectangle object and immediately gets its height. In essence, the statement calculates the default height of a Rectangle. Note that after this statement has been executed, the program no longer has a reference to the created Rectangle, because the program never stored the reference anywhere. The object is unreferenced, and its resources are free to be recycled by the Java Virtual Machine.

Invoking an Object’s Methods
You also use an object reference to invoke an object’s method. You append the method’s simple name to the object reference, with an intervening dot operator (.). Also, you provide, within enclosing parentheses, any arguments to the method. If the method does not require any arguments, use empty parentheses.

objectReference.methodName(argumentList);

or

objectReference.methodName();

The Rectangle class has two methods: getArea() to compute the rectangle’s area and move() to change the rectangle’s origin. Here’s the CreateObjectDemo code that invokes these two methods:

System.out.println(“Area of rectOne: ” + rectOne.getArea());
…
rectTwo.move(40, 72);

The first statement invokes rectOne’s getArea() method and displays the results. The second line moves rectTwo because the move() method assigns new values to the object’s origin.x and origin.y.

As with instance fields, objectReference must be a reference to an object. You can use a variable name, but you also can use any expression that returns an object reference. The new operator returns an object reference, so you can use the value returned from new to invoke a new object’s methods:

new Rectangle(100, 50).getArea()

The expression new Rectangle(100, 50) returns an object reference that refers to a Rectangle object. As shown, you can use the dot notation to invoke the new Rectangle’s getArea() method to compute the area of the new rectangle.

Some methods, such as getArea(), return a value. For methods that return a value, you can use the method invocation in expressions. You can assign the return value to a variable, use it to make decisions, or control a loop. This code assigns the value returned by getArea() to the variable areaOfRectangle:

int areaOfRectangle = new Rectangle(100, 50).getArea();

Remember, invoking a method on a particular object is the same as sending a message to that object. In this case, the object that getArea() is invoked on is the rectangle returned by the constructor.

The Garbage Collector
Some object-oriented languages require that you keep track of all the objects you create and that you explicitly destroy them when they are no longer needed. Managing memory explicitly is tedious and error-prone. The Java platform allows you to create as many objects as you want (limited, of course, by what your system can handle), and you don’t have to worry about destroying them. The Java runtime environment deletes objects when it determines that they are no longer being used. This process is called garbage collection.

An object is eligible for garbage collection when there are no more references to that object. References that are held in a variable are usually dropped when the variable goes out of scope. Or, you can explicitly drop an object reference by setting the variable to the special value null. Remember that a program can have multiple references to the same object; all references to an object must be dropped before the object is eligible for garbage collection.

The Java runtime environment has a garbage collector that periodically frees the memory used by objects that are no longer referenced. The garbage collector does its job automatically when it determines that the time is right.

public class Bicycle {
// the Bicycle class has three fields
public int cadence;
public int gear;
public int speed;

// the Bicycle class has one constructor
public Bicycle(int startCadence,
int startSpeed, int startGear) {
gear = startGear;
cadence = startCadence;
speed = startSpeed;
}

// the Bicycle class has four methods
public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}

public void setGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}

public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
speed -= decrement;
}

public void speedUp(int increment) {
speed += increment;
}
}

A class declaration for a MountainBike class that is a subclass of Bicycle might look like this:

public class MountainBike extends Bicycle {
// the MountainBike subclass has one field
public int seatHeight;

// the MountainBike subclass has one constructor
public MountainBike(int startHeight, int startCadence,
int startSpeed, int startGear) {
super(startCadence, startSpeed, startGear);
seatHeight = startHeight;
}

// the MountainBike subclass has one method
public void setHeight(int newValue) {
seatHeight = newValue;
}
}

MountainBike inherits all the fields and methods of Bicycle and adds the field seatHeight and a method to set it (mountain bikes have seats that can be moved up and down as the terrain demands).

Declaring Classes
You’ve seen classes defined in the following way:

class MyClass {
// field, constructor, and method declarations
}

This is a class declaration. The class body (the area between the braces) contains all the code that provides for the life cycle of the objects created from the class: constructors for initializing new objects, declarations for the fields that provide the state of the class and its objects, and methods to implement the behavior of the class and its objects.

The preceding class declaration is a minimal oneit contains only those components of a class declaration that are required. You can provide more information about the class, such as the name of its superclass, whether it implements any interfaces, and so on, at the start of the class declaration. For example,

class MyClass extends MySuperClass implements YourInterface {
// field, constructor, and method declarations
}

means that MyClass is a subclass of MySuperClass and that it implements the YourInterface interface.

You can also add modifiers like public or private at the very beginningso you can see that the opening line of a class declaration can become quite complicated. The modifiers public and private, which determine what other classes can access MyClass, are discussed later in this chapter. Chapter 5 will explain how and why you would use the extends and implements keywords in a class declaration. For the moment you do not need to worry about these extra complications.

In general, class declarations can include these components, in order:

Modifiers such as public, private, and a number of others that you will encounter later.

The class name, with the initial letter capitalized by convention.

The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.

A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.

The class body, surrounded by braces, { }.

Declaring Member Variables
There are several kinds of variables:

Member variables in a classthese are called fields.

Variables in a method or block of codethese are called local variables.

Variables in method declarationsthese are called parameters.

The Bicycle class uses the following lines of code to define its fields:

public int cadence;
public int gear;
public int speed;

Field declarations are composed of three components, in order:

Zero or more modifiers, such as public or private.

The field’s type.

The field’s name.

The fields of Bicycle are named cadence, gear, and speed and are all of data type integer (int). The public keyword identifies these fields as public members, accessible by any object that can access the class.

Access Modifiers
The first (left-most) modifier used lets you control what other classes have access to a member field. For the moment, consider only public and private. Other access modifiers will be discussed later.

public modifier the field is accessible from all classes.

private modifier the field is accessible only within its own class.

In the spirit of encapsulation, it is common to make fields private. This means that they can only be directly accessed from the Bicycle class. We still need access to these values, however. This can be done indirectly by adding public methods that obtain the field values for us:

public class Bicycle {

private int cadence;
private int gear;
private int speed;

public Bicycle(int startCadence,
int startSpeed, int startGear) {
gear = startGear;
cadence = startCadence;
speed = startSpeed;
}

public int getCadence() {
return cadence;
}

public void setCadence(int newValue) {
cadence = newValue;
}

public int getGear() {
return gear;
}

public void setGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}

public int getspeed() {
return speed;
}

public void applyBrake(int decrement) {
speed -= decrement;
}

public void speedUp(int increment) {
speed += increment;
}
}

Types
All variables must have a type. You can use primitive types such as int, float, boolean, etc. Or you can use reference types, such as strings, arrays, or objects.

Variable Names
All variables, whether they are fields, local variables, or parameters, follow the same naming rules and conventions that were covered in the Naming section (page 44).

In this chapter, be aware that the same naming rules and conventions are used for method and class names, except that:

the first letter of a class name should be capitalized, and

the first (or only) word in a method name should be a verb.

Defining Methods
Here is an example of a typical method declaration:

public double calculateAnswer(double wingSpan,
int numberOfEngines, double length, double grossTons) {
// do the calculation here
}

The only required elements of a method declaration are the method’s return type, name, a pair of parentheses, (), and a body between braces, {}.

More generally, method declarations have six components, in order:

Modifierssuch as public, private, and others you will learn about later.

The return typethe data type of the value returned by the method, or void if the method does not return a value.

The method namethe rules for field names apply to method names as well, but the convention is a little different.

The parameter list in parenthesisa comma-delimited list of input parameters, preceded by their data types, enclosed by parentheses, (). If there are no parameters, you must use empty parentheses.

An exception listto be discussed later.

The method body, enclosed between bracesthe method’s code, including the declaration of local variables, goes here.

Modifiers, return types, and parameters will be discussed later in this chapter. Exceptions are discussed in Chapter 9.

Definition

Two of the components of a method declaration comprise the method signaturethe method’s name and the parameter types.

The signature of the method declared above is:

calculateAnswer(double, int, double, double)

Naming a Method
Although a method name can be any legal identifier, code conventions restrict method names. By convention, method names should be a verb in lowercase or a multi-word name that begins with a verb in lowercase, followed by adjectives, nouns, etc. In multiword names, the first letter of each of the second and following words should be capitalized. Here are some examples:

run
runFast
getBackground
getFinalData
compareTo
setX
isEmpty

Typically, a method has a unique name within its class. However, a method might have the same name as other methods due to method overloading.

Overloading Methods
The Java programming language supports overloading methods, and Java can distinguish between methods with different method signatures. This means that methods within a class can have the same name if they have different parameter lists. (There are some qualifications to this that will be discussed in Chapter 5.)

Suppose that you have a class that can use calligraphy to draw various types of data (strings, integers, and so on) and that contains a method for drawing each data type. It is cumbersome to use a new name for each methodfor example, drawString, drawInteger, drawFloat, and so on. In the Java programming language, you can use the same name for all the drawing methods but pass a different argument list to each method. Thus, the data drawing class might declare four methods named draw, each of which has a different parameter list:

public class DataArtist {
…
public void draw(String s) {
…
}
public void draw(int i) {
…
}
public void draw(double f) {
…
}
public void draw(int i, double f) {
…
}
}

Overloaded methods are differentiated by the number and the type of the arguments passed into the method. In the code sample, draw(String s) and draw(int i) are distinct and unique methods because they require different argument types.

You cannot declare more than one method with the same name and the same number and type of arguments, because the compiler cannot tell them apart.

The compiler does not consider return type when differentiating methods, so you cannot declare two methods with the same signature even if they have a different return type.

Note

Overloaded methods should be used sparingly, as they can make code much less readable.

Providing Constructors for Your Classes
A class contains constructors that are invoked to create objects from the class blueprint. Constructor declarations look like method declarationsexcept that they use the name of the class and have no return type. For example, Bicycle has one constructor:

public Bicycle(int startCadence,
int startSpeed, int startGear) {
gear = startGear;
cadence = startCadence;
speed = startSpeed;
}

To create a new Bicycle object called myBike, a constructor is invoked by the new operator:

Bicycle myBike = new Bicycle(30, 0, 8);

new Bicycle(30, 0, 8) creates space in memory for the object and initializes its fields.

Although Bicycle only has one constructor, it could have others, including a no-argument constructor:

public Bicycle() {
gear = 1;
cadence = 10;
speed = 0;
}

Bicycle yourBike = new Bicycle(); invokes the no-argument constructor to create a new Bicycle object called yourBike.

Both constructors could have been declared in Bicycle because they have different argument lists. As with methods, the Java platform differentiates constructors on the basis of the number of arguments in the list and their types. You cannot write two constructors that have the same number and type of arguments for the same class, because the platform would not be able to tell them apart. Doing so causes a compile-time error.

You don’t have to provide any constructors for your class, but you must be careful when doing this. The compiler automatically provides a no-argument, default constructor for any class without constructors. This default constructor will invoke the no-argument constructor of the superclass. In this situation, the compiler will complain if the superclass doesn’t have a no-argument constructor, so you must verify that it does. If your class has no explicit superclass, then it has an implicit superclass of Object, which does have a no-argument constructor.

You can use a superclass constructor yourself. The MountainBike class at the beginning of this chapter did just that. This will be discussed later, in Chapter 5.

You can use access modifiers in a constructor’s declaration to control which other classes can invoke the constructor.

Note

If another class cannot invoke a MyClass constructor, it cannot directly create MyClass objects.

Passing Information to a Method or a Constructor
The declaration for a method or a constructor declares the number and the type of the arguments for that method or constructor. For example, the following is a method that computes the monthly payments for a home loan, based on the amount of the loan, the interest rate, the length of the loan (the number of periods), and the future value of the loan:

public double computePayment(double loanAmt,
double rate,
double futureValue,
int numPeriods) {
double interest = rate / 100.0;
double partial1 = Math.pow((1 + interest), -numPeriods);
double denominator = (1 – partial1) / interest;
double answer = (-loanAmt / denominator) -
((futureValue * partial1) / denominator);
return answer;
}

This method has four parameters: the loan amount, the interest rate, the future value and the number of periods. The first three are double-precision floating point numbers, and the fourth is an integer. The parameters are used in the method body and at runtime will take on the values of the arguments that are passed in.

Note

Parameters refers to the list of variables in a method declaration. Arguments are the actual values that are passed in when the method is invoked. When you invoke a method, the arguments used must match the declaration’s parameters in type and order.

Parameter Types
You can use any data type for a parameter of a method or a constructor. This includes primitive data types, such as doubles, floats, and integers, as you saw in the computePayment method, and reference data types, such as objects and arrays.

Here’s an example of a method that accepts an array as an argument. In this example, the method creates a new Polygon object and initializes it from an array of Point objects (assume that Point is a class that represents an x, y coordinate):

public Polygon polygonFrom(Point[] corners) {
// method body goes here
}

Note

The Java programming language doesn’t let you pass methods into methods. But you can pass an object into a method and then invoke the object’s methods.

Arbitrary Number of Arguments
You can use a construct called varargs to pass an arbitrary number of values to a method. You use varargs when you don’t know how many of a particular type of argument will be passed to the method. It’s a shortcut to creating an array manually (the previous method could have used varargs rather than an array).

To use varargs, you follow the type of the last parameter by an ellipsis (three dots, …), then a space, and the parameter name. The method can then be invoked with any number of that parameter, including none.

public Polygon polygonFrom(Point… corners) {
int numberOfSides = corners.length;
double squareOfSide1, lengthOfSide1;
squareOfSide1 =
(corners[1].x – corners[0].x)*(corners[1].x – corners[0].x) +
(corners[1].y – corners[0].y)*(corners[1].y – corners[0].y);
lengthOfSide1 = Math.sqrt(squareOfSide1);
// more method body code follows that creates
// and returns a polygon connecting the Points
}

You can see that, inside the method, corners is treated like an array. The method can be invoked either with an array or with a sequence of arguments. The code in the method body will treat the parameter as an array in either case.

You will most commonly see varargs with the printing methodsfor example, this printf method:

public PrintStream printf(String format, Object… args)

allows you to print an arbitrary number of objects. It can be invoked like this:

System.out.printf(“%s: %d, %s%n”, name, idnum, address);

or like this:

System.out.printf(“%s: %d, %s, %s, %s%n”, name,
idnum, address, phone, email);

or with yet a different number of arguments.

Parameter Names
When you declare a parameter to a method or a constructor, you provide a name for that parameter. This name is used within the method body to refer to the passed-in argument.

The name of a parameter must be unique in its scope. It cannot be the same as the name of another parameter for the same method or constructor, and it cannot be the name of a local variable within the method or constructor.

A parameter can have the same name as one of the class’s fields. If this is the case, the parameter is said to shadow the field. Shadowing fields can make your code difficult to read and is conventionally used only within constructors and methods that set a particular field. For example, consider the following Circle class and its setOrigin method:

public class Circle {
private int x, y, radius;
public void setOrigin(int x, int y) {
…
}
}

The Circle class has three fields: x, y, and radius. The setOrigin method has two parameters, each of which has the same name as one of the fields. Each method parameter shadows the field that shares its name. So using the simple names x or y within the body of the method refers to the parameter, not to the field. To access the field, you must use a qualified name. This will be discussed later in this chapter in the Using the this Keyword section (page 109).

Passing Primitive Data Type Arguments
Primitive arguments, such as an int or a double, are passed into methods by value. This means that any changes to the values of the parameters exist only within the scope of the method. When the method returns, the parameters are gone and any changes to them are lost. Here is an example:

public class PassPrimitiveByValue {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int x = 3;

// invoke passMethod() with x as argument
passMethod(x);

// print x to see if its value has changed
System.out.println(“After invoking passMethod, x = ” + x);

}

// change parameter in passMethod()
public static void passMethod(int p) {
p = 10;
}
}

When you run this program, the output is:

After invoking passMethod, x = 3

Passing Reference Data Type Arguments
Reference data type parameters, such as objects, are also passed into methods by value. This means that when the method returns, the passed-in reference still references the same object as before. However, the values of the object’s fields can be changed in the method, if they have the proper access level.

For example, consider a method in an arbitrary class that moves Circle objects:

public void moveCircle(Circle circle, int deltaX, int deltaY) {

// code to move origin of circle to x+deltaX, y+deltaY
circle.setX(circle.getX + deltaX);
circle.setY(circle.getY + deltaY);

// code to assign a new reference to circle
circle = new Circle(0, 0);
}

Let the method be invoked with these arguments:

moveCircle(myCircle, 23, 56)

Inside the method, circle initially refers to myCircle. The method changes the x and y coordinates of the object that circle references (i.e., myCircle) by 23 and 56, respectively. (These changes will persist when the method returns.) Then circle is assigned a reference to a new Circle object with x = y = 0 . This reassignment has no permanence, however, because the reference was passed in by value and cannot change. Within the method, the object pointed to by circle has changed, but, when the method returns, myCircle still references the same Circle object as before the method was invoked.

Blunder penjahat itu terjadi di konferensi hacker Defcon yang digelar di Las Vegas, Amerika Serikat. Seperti dikutip detikINET dari PCWorld, mesin ATM palsu dipasang di hotel Riviera Las Vegas.

Konferensi yang mengumpulkan 8.000-an hacker, dalam hal ini berarti para peneliti keamanan komputer, dari berbagai penjuru dunia itu jelas jadi ajang yang paling buruk untuk mencoba menipu. Peserta yang gemar mengutak-atik sistem komputer cepat menemukan keganjilan pada salah satu ATM di Riviera.

“Mereka melihat bagian layar yang seharusnya ada kamera. Terlihat agak gelap, jadi seseorang menyorotnya dengan senter dan ternyata ada PC di dalamnya,” tukas Priest, salah satu panitia senior konferensi tersebut.

Mesin ATM palsu itu sekilas, apalagi bagi orang awam, nampak biasa saja. Namun saat kartu dimasukkan, mesin itu akan merekam data dari kartu dan merekam nomor PIN yang ditekan pengguna.

Terungkapnya mesin ATM palsu ini pun akhirnya memicu investigasi dari pihak keamanan setempat. Tidak diketahui sudah berapa lama mesin itu berada di sana, dan berapa banyak nasabah yang sudah menjadi korban.

Agaknya, pelaku kriminal juga perlu hati-hati dalam mencoba menipu korbannya. Jika aksi kriminal berbasis teknologi dilakukan di tengah-tengah konferensi hacker, jangan harap ada untung yang bisa diraup.(deti.net)

email palsu dapat dibuat salah satunya dengan MS Outlook, software ini disediakan oleh microsoft untuk membaca,mengirim,memaintenance account email dll. dengan itu pula kita dapat membuat account email palsu dengan cara sebagai berikut :
buka MS outlook dan login dengan account email anda (tentunya anda harus terhubung ke internet),jika sudah selanjutnya klik menu tools pilih account setting dan pilih add mail. berikutnya muncul form yang disediakan untuk memasukkan username dan password account baru. jangan lupa masukkan nama anda yang akan muncul saat email anda diterima.

dalam tahap selanjutnya MS outlook akan mereitrve accoutn email yang kita buat,jika ada message box untuk menyimpan username.password dll OK saja.selanjutnya anda telah memilki account email palsu yang siap digunakan.

untuk penggunaan ms outlook untuk mengiim email,membaca dll silahkan googling
thanks to JS and s’to